Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations.
Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. Although the two approaches give different numerical estimates of mean survival time, they lead to the same substantive conclusions when comparing the two-stage regimes. Our methods include a likelihood-based regression approach in which the transition times of all possible multistage outcome paths are modelled, and estimating equations with inverse probability of treatment weighting to correct for bias. We evaluate effects on overall survival time of the 16 two-stage strategies that actually were used.
Most patients in the trial also received a second-line treatment, which was chosen adaptively and subjectively rather than by randomization, either because the initial treatment was ineffective or the patient's cancer later recurred. We are motivated by data from a randomized trial of four combination chemotherapies given as front-line treatments to patients with acute leukaemia. Conventional analyses in terms of front-line treatments that ignore subsequent treatments may be misleading, because they actually are an evaluation of more than front-line treatment effects on outcome. Such sequentially adaptive medical decision-making processes are known as dynamic treatment regimes, treatment policies or multistage adaptive treatment strategies. The physician chooses a treatment at each stage based on the patient's baseline covariates and history of previous treatments and outcomes. Typical oncology practice often includes not only an initial front-line treatment but also subsequent treatments given if the initial treatment fails.